Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) structures fabricated with titanium nodes have emerged as promising agents for a diverse range of applications. These materials display exceptional chemical properties, including high surface area, tunable band gaps, and good durability. The unique combination of these characteristics makes titanium-based MOFs highly

Nanoparticles have emerged as promising materials in various fields, including biomedical applications. Conversely, the potential toxicity of these nanoparticles remains a significant concern. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), a unique type of nanoparticle capable of converting near-infrared light to visible light, have achieved considerable atte